Human interaction with computers can be understood as progressing through distinct stages that reflect both the user’s capability and level of understanding. At the first stage, a person may neither understand nor use computers, relying entirely on analog methods and systems. This is the baseline starting point before any engagement with digital tools begins.

The second stage involves using computers to perform predefined tasks. People at this level can navigate standard systems but do so within the limits of what has been designed for general use. Whether it’s using email, browsing the web, or accessing basic software tools, the focus remains on following established patterns without modification.

At the third stage, individuals understand how to adapt or program computers to perform tasks for themselves. This often involves basic customization, scripting, or programming to automate processes or streamline personal workflows. For example, writing a script to organize files or designing formulas in a spreadsheet to meet specific needs.

The fourth stage builds on this by programming computers to perform tasks for other people. Instead of focusing on personal needs, users at this level create solutions tailored to external audiences—friends, coworkers, or customers. This might involve developing an app, designing software, or building workflows that address challenges others face.

The fifth and final stage is about understanding how other people program or adapt computers, enabling collaboration or further adaptation. This requires the ability to work within systems others have designed, refining or scaling solutions to integrate them into larger environments. Using open-source code, building integrations between platforms, or collaborating with other developers are all part of this level, where innovation often relies on shared creativity and cooperation.