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Understanding the Strengths and Risks of Language Models

Language models have proven themselves as masters in creating text that seems polished and professional. They are extraordinarily good at appearing competent in their outputs, crafting persuasive responses, and even taking on roles within creative or professional scenarios like actors in a play. These qualities make them incredibly versatile tools for tasks such as storytelling, content creation, and communication.

However, much of their strength lies in their ability to imitate. Language models excel at mimicking reality, generating responses that can feel authentic and convincing. Yet, this skill of “pretending” can be deceptive. While their outputs can seem well-informed, it’s essential to remember that they lack genuine understanding. They generate text based on patterns learned from vast datasets, and their confidence can mask a lack of true comprehension.

This ability to imitate creates a potential pitfall. When relying too much on outputs from these tools, it’s easy to let personal beliefs, hopes, and expectations interfere with judgment. If users treat these suggestions as truths or infallible answers, there’s a risk of misusing them, whether in critical decision-making or emotional reasoning. Humans may inadvertently project their own intentions onto the tool and end up in a trap of unwarranted trust.

The key to avoiding these risks is approaching language models with a critical mindset. What they produce should be seen as helpful hints, not unquestionable facts. Fact-check their results, consult other resources, and always pair their outputs with human expertise. Their value lies in how we choose to use them—when complemented with careful analysis and application, they can be truly transformative tools.

Language models are powerful but are not substitutes for human understanding. Their role is best appreciated when we recognize their strengths as well as their inherent limitations, ensuring that our use of them remains purposeful, thoughtful, and effective.

How AI apps work

When you ask a question in an app, it might feel like you’re interacting with an expert who knows everything. In reality, there’s a structured process behind the scenes that organizes existing information into a useful response. Let’s break down how these apps work.

The journey begins when you type in your question. The app uses a Small Language Model to extract key terms from your query—essentially identifying the main ideas or keywords. These keywords are then used to perform a regular search engine query on platforms like Google or Bing. The search results are processed by the app, which evaluates summaries of the top 100 hits using another Small Language Model to rank the 10 most relevant pages.

Next, the app crawls the content of those 10 pages, pulling in the most relevant material. This content is combined with your original question to create a detailed context. Finally, this context is sent to a Large Language Model, which generates a polished response that feels complete and confident—almost as if the app itself “knew” the answer.

Though this process may seem intelligent, it’s simply an optimized way of finding, filtering, and presenting information. The system doesn’t actually “know” anything; instead, it mimics understanding by repackaging existing knowledge.

These apps provide a valuable service by streamlining searches. Instead of sifting through endless links yourself, they consolidate information into a single, user-friendly response. This can save time and help with tasks such as brainstorming ideas, summarizing research, or finding information quickly.

Still, there are limitations. The quality of the response depends entirely on the data available and how the app ranks relevance. It’s always worth verifying critical information, as the system may miss nuances or context that you’d notice when manually researching.

Ultimately, language model-powered apps are useful tools that make information easier to access and process. They don’t provide true intelligence, but they can be an efficient way to search, summarize, and communicate ideas. Use them for what they’re good at, and stay thoughtful when evaluating results.

The Future of Domain-Specific Apps: Who Will Shape the Landscape?

App developers are busy leveraging advanced tools, such as language models, to revolutionize the way they build domain-specific applications. These tools are helping improve coding, testing, documentation, security, and general software engineering processes, making app development faster, more efficient, and more reliable. Developers focus on creating scalable, secure, and technically robust applications that meet high standards and long-term needs. However, they often face challenges in deeply understanding the unique requirements and workflows of specific domains.

At the same time, domain experts are bypassing developers altogether to build their own applications. Equipped with deep knowledge of their fields and a clear understanding of what works and what they want, these professionals are creating solutions tuned specifically to their needs. They care about functionality and outcomes, not about how the underlying code is written. Thanks to the rise of user-friendly tools, such as no-code and low-code platforms, they can build apps quickly without relying on software development teams. While their solutions are practical and tailored, they can face limitations in areas like scalability, security, and technical refinement.

This divide between app developers and domain experts raises an important question. Who will take the lead in shaping domain-specific apps? Will app developers prevail with their technical precision and ability to scale solutions? Will domain experts win through their intimate knowledge of what matters in their industries? Or perhaps the future belongs to those who can do both—combining software engineering expertise with domain insight to bridge the gap.

The most promising path forward may lie in collaboration. When app developers and domain experts work together, they can create applications that combine technical robustness with tailored functionality. App developers can help build solid infrastructures, while domain experts provide the insights needed to create tools that truly solve practical problems. Another possibility is the emergence of hybrid creators—individuals skilled in both software development and domain-specific knowledge, capable of weaving together the strengths of both groups.

Rather than focusing on which group “wins,” the future of domain-specific apps is about leveraging the best of both worlds. Innovation will thrive when technical expertise and domain knowledge come together, ensuring apps can meet immediate needs while remaining scalable, secure, and impactful over time. The opportunities are immense, and success belongs to those willing to embrace collaboration or develop hybrid approaches that serve both technical and domain goals.

The Importance of Formatting in Code for Readability and Quality Assurance

Writing code that is clear and easy to understand is a fundamental goal in software development. Readable code allows developers to quickly grasp its purpose, evaluate its quality, and make improvements. This becomes especially critical when working with generated code, where much of the effort goes into reading, understanding, and quality-assuring what is produced, rather than writing it from scratch.

Despite this, formatting features that aid comprehension are often absent in code. There is little support for techniques like using line breaks to separate logical sections or indentation to show hierarchy and flow. Code does not allow for visual tools like highlighting or underlining to emphasize important elements. It lacks paragraph-like divisions to separate ideas and often doesn’t include clear headings or structured sections that help navigate larger chunks of work.

These missing formatting features are easy to take for granted in other forms of writing, such as documents or articles. In those contexts, they play a significant role in organizing content and guiding the reader. Without similar support in code, developers are left to navigate dense, unstructured blocks of text, making the process of understanding much more tedious.

This problem is amplified with generated code. Developers working with generated code often spend the majority of their time trying to read and understand it. Poor formatting adds unnecessary complexity, slowing down tasks like debugging, quality assurance, and feature development. More structured formatting would make generated code easier to interpret, reducing the time and effort required to work with it effectively.

By applying principles of formatting to code—such as better use of spacing, structure, and visual cues—developers can make their work less about deciphering and more about solving problems. Thoughtful formatting isn’t just about aesthetics; it’s about creating an environment where developers can focus on what truly matters, whether they’re writing code or working with what has been generated.

Stories That Add Context

Effectively training language models starts with high-quality, structured data. For a model to truly learn and apply knowledge, it needs consistent, reliable data that forms the foundation of its understanding. Quality data enables the model to build connections and recognize how different pieces of information fit together. Beyond raw data, providing the model with context is essential. One effective method is to use stories that frame the information in a way that makes it relatable and meaningful.

Creating good stories involves adding a wealth of related details while staying grounded in structured data. These stories help the model understand not just isolated facts but the broader context they belong to. For example, in the field of healthcare, structured data about treatments can be used to craft narratives about how specific symptoms led to particular diagnoses and treatments. These stories provide the model with insights into the interconnected nature of medical knowledge, teaching it how symptoms, processes, and outcomes relate to each other.

Such contextualized stories play an important role in helping the model learn how knowledge fits into larger systems and how it can be used. Instead of limiting itself to memorizing terms or concepts in isolation, the model gains a deeper understanding of how information interacts in real-world applications. This makes it better at adapting its responses to practical scenarios, like answering complex questions or solving problems where context is key.

When models are trained using detailed stories from structured data, particularly in specialized areas like healthcare, their ability to apply knowledge improves significantly. These stories not only enhance learning—they also prepare the model to make informed, context-aware decisions that are closer to how humans approach complex issues. Crafting narratives from structured data is a powerful way to unlock the full potential of language models and bring out their utility in a meaningful and impactful way.

Navigating Levels of Abstraction in Knowledge Work

In knowledge work, understanding the level of abstraction you’re operating on can make all the difference. A famous example helps illustrate the concept: “This is a picture of a painting of a painting of a pipe.” At the simplest level, we have the concrete—the pipe itself. Beyond that, we move to representations: the painting of the pipe, which is one level removed, and then the painting of the painting, which adds yet another layer of abstraction.

The concrete level is the easiest to grasp—it’s direct and tangible. However, the higher levels of abstraction, those that deal with representations of representations or broader conceptual thinking, are harder to understand and often tricky to apply appropriately. Knowing when and how to move beyond the concrete level is a skill, one that isn’t always intuitive.

Humans and language models alike face challenges in handling abstraction. We can easily mix up the layers, treating abstract representations as if they were concrete objects. Some individuals and systems struggle to work beyond the concrete level at all, sticking only to the simplest, most tangible concepts. This can lead to oversimplified results when the task or concept at hand requires more nuanced thinking across abstract layers.

These difficulties also create challenges for building tools that support knowledge work. Tools must be designed to navigate and present information at multiple levels of abstraction, making them both accessible and capable of handling complexity. This is especially vital when creating systems or agents intended to work alongside humans, as their ability to handle abstraction impacts their usefulness and relevance in knowledge-intensive tasks.

Understanding levels of abstraction isn’t just a theoretical exercise—it’s an essential skill for working smarter. By recognizing these layers and the challenges they bring, we can design better tools, make better decisions, and approach problems with greater clarity. Mastering abstraction enables us to connect the concrete with the conceptual, leading to more effective knowledge work overall.

Does the Quality of Language Model Output Reflect User Competence?

Language models are becoming widely used for tasks like writing, brainstorming ideas, or solving problems. However, the quality of their output can vary significantly from user to user. Some report achieving results that are almost perfect and consistently reliable, while others experience chaotic, low-quality attempts that fall far short of their expectations. This wide range of outcomes raises an interesting question: does the competence of the user directly impact the quality of the outputs from a language model?

The competence of a user seems to be an important factor. A skilled user often knows how to craft a clear and precise prompt, provide enough context, and refine the model’s responses until they reach their desired result. In contrast, less experienced users might write vague, unclear, or overly broad instructions, which can lead to results that feel like a poor imitation of what they wanted. Essentially, the quality of the output often reflects the probability of the user producing high-quality results on their own.

Getting reliable and consistent results requires understanding how to effectively interact with a language model. Competent users tend to excel because they treat the model like a collaborator, shaping and guiding its output step by step. For example, they might clarify their request with specific formats, break complex tasks into smaller parts, or offer examples of what they’re looking for. Meanwhile, users who don’t have this approach sometimes struggle to communicate their needs or expect the model to “read their mind.”

The good news is that any user can improve their ability to work with language models over time. By becoming more deliberate in their process—rewriting prompts for better clarity, breaking tasks into smaller steps, or providing examples—they will often see improvements in the results. Experimentation is key, as is the patience to refine the interaction instead of expecting perfection on the first try. Whether experienced or not, the effort users put into guiding the model can ultimately make all the difference.

The relationship between user competence and output quality highlights that these tools are bridges rather than shortcuts. They are only as effective as the guidance they are given, and even users starting at a low level can learn to achieve better outcomes with practice. Familiarity with how to communicate with language models unlocks their true potential, allowing anyone to move closer to achieving near-perfect results.

Revolutionizing Software Development with Application Specification Language (ASL)

Application Specification Language (ASL) introduces a higher-level approach to software development, focusing on describing what an application does instead of how it is implemented. Unlike programming languages, ASL operates at a level above traditional coding, providing a formal abstraction of software that is technology-agnostic. It offers a structured way to represent applications, allowing developers to define functionality without being tied to specific frameworks or languages.

ASL can be generated from existing code or derived directly from human-readable requirements and specifications. This flexibility allows it to bridge the gap between conceptual design and implementation. By capturing the software’s high-level concepts, ASL becomes the foundation for creating new implementations in any programming framework or language. It enables both upgrades and migrations, making it an effective tool for transitioning legacy systems to modern platforms.

Once ASL code is generated—either manually or by using a language model—it serves as a formal specification of the software system. From this specification, actual code can be created within diverse technologies. This abstraction dramatically simplifies development processes, as the focus shifts from implementation details to broader system functionality.

The practical benefits of ASL are significant. Its technology-neutral nature ensures that applications can be adapted, migrated, or upgraded without requiring extensive rewrites. It enables productivity by automating code generation and minimizes errors that come with manual coding efforts. Additionally, it future-proofs applications by decoupling them from specific languages or frameworks, making them more adaptable to emerging technologies.

ASL is particularly useful for migrating legacy systems, prototyping new software, and developing applications for diverse ecosystems. It streamlines workflows by automating repetitive tasks and ensures a consistent structure throughout development cycles. While ASL has many advantages, human oversight is still critical to ensure accuracy, especially when generating specifications from complex systems or existing codebases.

By revolutionizing how developers approach software design, ASL simplifies the development process and ensures smoother transitions between frameworks and technologies. Its focus on high-level abstraction empowers developers to innovate and create adaptable, sustainable systems for the future of software engineering.

Unlocking New Opportunities Through Enhanced Productivity in Software Development

The growing capabilities of advanced language models have led to significant improvements in software development, making the process faster, more affordable, and more efficient. These changes aren’t limited to software alone—they apply to other fields as well, enabling a wide range of disciplines to benefit from enhanced productivity. This raises important questions about how this shift will impact the demand for developers and professionals.

Some worry that increased productivity will reduce the need for skilled workers. After all, if more can be accomplished with less, wouldn’t the demand for people decline? However, a closer look suggests the opposite. Instead of decreasing the need for professionals, the efficiency brought by language models opens the door to digitalize and automate tasks that were previously considered too expensive or impractical. Areas where software development wasn’t cost-effective or valuable enough in the past now have the opportunity to flourish.

Lower costs and higher productivity allow industries to explore new solutions that were once out of reach. This change creates countless opportunities, from tackling previously unprofitable areas to empowering smaller businesses and underserved sectors. Developers and experts won’t become obsolete; instead, they’ll have the capacity to accomplish much more. The focus shifts from competing with technology to leveraging it as a powerful collaborator.

What’s clear is that these advancements amplify, rather than replace, human potential. Language models help reduce time spent on repetitive tasks and free up space for creativity and innovation. They serve as tools that magnify what professionals can achieve, whether that’s creating affordable solutions, addressing global challenges, or driving digital transformation across industries.

In the end, greater productivity isn’t about doing more with less—it’s about expanding what’s possible. Developers and experts remain essential to this process, unlocking new horizons as technology empowers them to achieve extraordinary results. Far from reducing opportunity, this transformation points toward a future where human ingenuity and technological collaboration redefine what can be accomplished.

Scaling the Use of Organizational Knowledge

Knowledge is one of the most valuable assets in any organization. It lives in different places—within data, processes, and people—and serves as the foundation for decision-making, efficiency, and innovation. But how do organizations effectively scale the use of this knowledge? By understanding where it is found and taking practical steps to make it accessible, reusable, and impactful, companies can unlock its full potential.

Knowledge resides in three main areas. First, it exists in the data and information within an organization: the structured and unstructured content stored in systems, ranging from databases to emails. This data holds significant value, but only when it is well-organized and easy to access. Second, knowledge is embedded in the systems and processes an organization uses to perform its work. These workflows and methodologies reflect accumulated experience and best practices. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, knowledge exists in the minds of people. Employees bring expertise, creative problem-solving, and critical insights grounded in their experience and skills.

Scaling the use of knowledge means finding ways to capture, share, and apply it across the organization. To start, data and information should be structured and centralized so it can be easily searched and retrieved. Systems and processes should be designed not only for consistency but also for adaptability, ensuring that they can evolve with the organization’s needs. Knowledge that resides in people can be scaled through collaboration, mentoring, and cultivating a culture of openness and knowledge-sharing.

Technology can play a significant role in making knowledge more accessible at scale. Tools such as language-based models and other digital systems can help extract, summarize, and organize information, allowing employees to focus on more creative and strategic tasks. However, scaling knowledge shouldn’t solely rely on technology—it’s equally about empowering people and creating an environment where expertise can flow freely.

In short, the key to scaling knowledge lies in understanding where it lives, finding ways to unlock it, and building systems that ensure its usefulness grows along with the organization. By bridging the knowledge found in data, systems, and individuals, companies can create a powerful foundation for growth, resilience, and innovation.